GardinerGroup
Some Highlight Publications
Organic Letters
Unexpected diastereomer formation and interconversions in cyclohexane-1,2-diacetal derivatization of a glucuronic acid thioglycoside
J Organic Chemistry
Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate- and Dermatan Sulfate-Related Oligosaccharides via Iterative Chemoselective Glycosylation Exploiting Conformationally-Disarmed [2.2.2] L-Iduronic Lactone Thioglycosides
Chemistry: A European Journal
Sequential chem-biocat-chem enereductase-BVMOassisted synthesis of chiral caprolactones for chiral polymers
Chemical Science
Making the longest heparin oligosaccharides. An iterative synthesis approach to [4]n heparan-like oligosaccharides up to 36 mer and first full assignment of all 12mer H-1 protons
Journal of Natural Products
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of peppermint biosynthesis pathway intermediates
Nature Communications
A tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of end-labelled heparan sulfate oligosaccharide for pharmacokinetics
Chemical Communications
A dramatic site-specifcsulfation switch in HS chemokine-biology
Chem Phys Chem
Observing synthetic single saccharides and their microscopic encapsulation.
Nature Communications
A tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of end-labelled heparan sulfate oligosaccharide for pharmacokinetics
Orglett, 2023, 25, 2196–2200. Alharthi, Fahad. A.A.; Potter, G. T.; Jayson, G. C.; Whitehead, G.; Vitorica-Yrezabal, I.; Gardiner, J. M. "Unexpected diastereomer formation and interconversions in cyclohexane-1,2-diacetal derivatization of a glucuronic acid thioglycoside." https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00255.
J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 15063-15078. Jeanerret, R. A.; Dalton, C. E.; Gardiner J. M. "Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate- and Dermatan Sulfate-Related Oligosaccharides via Iterative Chemoselective Glycosylation Exploiting Conformationally-Disarmed [2.2.2] L-Iduronic Lactone Thioglycosides."
Chem.-Eur. J. 2019. 25, 2983-2988. I. S.; Toogood, H. T.; Johannisen, L. O.; Scrutton, N. S.; Gardiner, J. M. "C3 and C6 Modification-specific OYE biotransformations of synthetic carvones and sequential BVMO chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral caprolactones."
J. Nat. Prod. 2018, 81, 1546–1552. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01026. Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Toogood, H.; Mansell, D. J.; Lygidakis, A.; Tait, S.; Scrutton, N. S.; Gardiner, J. M. "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Intermediates in the Peppermint Monoterpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway"
ChemPhysChem 2016, 21, 3442-3446. DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600750 Dalton,C. E.; Quinn,S. D.; Rafferty,A.; Morten,M. J.; Gardiner,J. M.; Magennis, S. W. “Single-molecule fluorescence detection of a synthetic heparan sulfate disaccharide.”
Observabability of synthetic single saccharides and their microscopic encapsulation.
ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 6268−6282. DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01924. Karuppiah, V.; Ranaghan, K. E.; Leferink, N. G. H.; Johannissen, L. O.; Shanmugam, M.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Bennett, N. J.; Kearsey, L. J.; Takano, E.; Gardiner, J. M.; van der Kamp, M. W.; Hay, S.; Mulholland, A. J.; Leys, D.; Scrutton, N. S. “Structural Basis of Catalysis in the Bacterial Monoterpene Synthases Linalool Synthase and 1,8-Cineole Synthase.”
Synthetic site-specifically fluorinated substrate helps provide structural insight into enzymes involves in cyclization to terpenoids.
Angewandte Chemie 2016, 55, 9596 –9600. DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603785. Lygidakis, A.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Karuppiah, V.; Hoeven, R.; Leys, D.; Gardiner, J. M.; Toogood, H. S.; Scrutton, N. S. “Pinpointing a mechanistic switch between ketoreduction and ‘ene’-reduction in short chain dehydrogenases/reductases.”
In collaboration with Scrutton and Leys labs work using synthetic substrates and site-modified enzymes has identified an unusual mechanistic switch from reduction to ene reaction.
Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 11208-19. Miller, G. J.; Broberg, K R.; Rudd, C.; Helliewell, M. R.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “A latent reactive handle for functionalising heparin-like and LMWH deca- and dodecasaccharides.”
Gavin’s work on synthesis of heparan sulfate and LMWH-type 10-mers and 12-mers bearing conjugation tag has been published, complimenting this lab's recent papers on longer synthetic heparins.
Chemical Science 2015, 6, 6158-6164. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cliff, M. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Making the longest sugars: A chemical synthesis of heparin-related [4]n oligosaccharides from 16-mer to 40-mer.” Our synthesis of the longest synthetic heparin-related oligosaccharides by using our tetrasaccharide block strategy, and the use of new NMR methods to support and quantify anomeric integrity, is now out. A further report on this paper will be published. *PAPER GOES HOT ARTICLE* July ‘hot’ article at ChemSci and subject of a Chemistry World highlight article.
Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 13846-13849. Jayson, G. C.; Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cole, C. L.; Rushton, G.; Avizienyte, E.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology.”
This reports our large scale synthesis of a programmed heparin dodecassacharide and shows that single sulfate location regulates both in vitro and in vivo biology mediated by two biomedically-important chemokines. This enables future programmed synthesis of site-specific drug candidates, and work in this area is ongoing in colaboration with the Jayson lab at the Paterson Institute/Christie Hospital.
ACS Synthetic Biology 2015, 4, 1112-1123. ASAP. DOI:10.1021/acssynbio.5b00092. Toogood, H. S.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Tait, S.; Mansell, D.; Jervis, A.; Lygidakis, A.; Humphreys, L.; Takano, E.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “Enzymatic Menthol Production: One-Pot Approach Using Engineered Escherichia coli.”
Combining synthetic substrates and genetically multi-gene engineered cell-factories for high value terpenoid synthesis.
Nature Commun. 2013, 4, 415. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cole. C.; Rushton, G.; Avizientye, E.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of a heparin-like dodecasaccharide and radiolabelling for in vivo tissue distribution studies.”
Our paper on a new tetrasaccharide-based synthesis of a dodecassaccharide, developing new end-labelling chemistry for pharmokinetics studies was published in Nature Commun.
Chemical Science 2013, 4, 3218-3222. Miller, G. J.; Hansen, S. U.; Cole. C.; Avizientye, E.; Rushton, G.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. "Efficient chemical synthesis of heparin-like octa-, deca- and dodecasaccharides and inhibition of FGF2- and VEGF165-mediated endothelial cell functions.”
Synthesis of various long GAG fragments used to probe he effects of O6 sulfation of biomedically important targets for oligsaccharides.
Chem. Commun. 2014, 5000 - 5002. Kadirvel, M.; Fanimarvasti, F.; Forbes, S.; McBain, A.; Gardiner, J. M.;* Brown, G. D.;* Freeman, S.* “Inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Vibrio harveyi by 4-Fluoro-DPD; a novel potent inhibitor of AI-2 signalling.”
New synthetic analogues of bacterial quorum signalling molecules lead to a new potent antibacterial lead.
127. in process..
126 in process
• 1265. Morjan, R. Y.; El-Hallaq, A. F.; Azarah, J. N.; Almasri, I. M.; Alzaharna, M. M.; Al-Reefi, M. R.; Ian Beadham, I.; Abu-Teim, O. S.; Elmanam, A. A.; Awadallah, A. M.; James Raftery, J.; John M. Gardiner, J. M. Synthesis, Docking and Evaluation of Novel Fused Pyrimidine Compounds as possible Lead Compounds with Antibacterial and Antitumor Activities" J. Mol. Struct. 2023 in press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135754
• 124. Yıldırıma, Y.; Tellia, F.; Kahraman, E.; Gardiner, J. M. "Synthesis, characterization, thermokinetic analysis and biological application of novel allyl glucosamine based glycopolymers." Designed Monomers & Polymers 2023, 26, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2023.2199506
• 123. Alharthi, Fahad. A.A.; Potter, G. T.; Jayson, G. C.; Whitehead, G.; Vitorica-Yrezabal, I.; Gardiner, J. M. "Unexpected diastereomer formation and interconversions in cyclohexane-1,2-diacetal derivatization of a glucuronic acid thioglycoside" Orglett, 2023, 25, 2196–2200. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00255
• 122. Kandasamy, S.; Whitehead, G. F. S.; Vitórica-Yrezábal, I. J.; Gardiner, J. M. "Synthesis and structure of D-glucuronolactone derived carboxamides." Carbohydr. Res. 2023, 524, 108744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2023.108744
• 121. Alharthi, F. A.; Whitehead, G. F. S.; Vitórica-Yrezábal, I. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “Solid state structure of sodium β-1-thiophenyl glucuronate identifies 5-coordinate sodium with three independent glucuronates.” Carbohydr. Res. 2021, 521, 108281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2021.108281
• 120. Mkadmha, A. M.; Rami Y. Morjan, R. Y.; Raftery, J; Awadallah, A. M.; Gardiner, J. M. "Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Computational Study of New (E)-N'-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazide." Arab. J. Chem. 2020, 13, 3571-3584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.12.008
• 119. Jeanerret, R. A.; Dalton, C. E.; Gardiner J. M. "Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate- and Dermatan Sulfate-Related Oligosaccharides via Iterative Chemoselective Glycosylation Exploiting Conformationally-Disarmed [2.2.2] L-Iduronic Lactone Thioglycosides." J. Org. Chem. 2019, 84, 15063-15078. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.joc.9b0159
• 118. Issa, I. S.; Toogood, H. T.; Johannisen, L. O.; Scrutton, N. S.; Gardiner, J. M. "C3 and C6 Modification-specific OYE biotransformations of synthetic carvones and sequential BVMO chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral caprolactones." Chem.-Eur. J. 2019, 25, 2983-2988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201805219
• 117. Binto, S.; Walmsley, C.; Garvey, E. P.; Slater, M. J.; Berrisford, D. J.; Gardiner, J. M. "Evaluation of Neomycin Analogues for HIV-1 RRE RNA Recognition Identifies Enhanced Activity Simplified Neamine Analogues". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2019, 29, 339-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.004.
• 116. Morjan, R. Y.; El-Kurdi, S. M.; Azarah, J. N.; Eleiwa, N. A.; Abu-Teim, O. S.; Awadallah, A. M.; Raftery, J.; Gardiner, J. M. "Inversion dimers dominate the crystal packing in the structure of trimethyl citrate (trimethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate)." Acta Cryst. 2018, E74, 1362-1365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018011222
• 115. Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Toogood, H.; Mansell, D. J.; Lygidakis, A.; Tait, S.; Scrutton, N. S.; Gardiner, J. M. "Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Intermediates in the Peppermint Monoterpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway" J. Nat. Prod. 2018, 81, 1546–1552. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01026
• 114. Currin, A. Dunstan, M.; Johannissen, L. O.; Hollywood, Katherine; Vinaixa, M.; Jervis, A.; Swainston, N.; Rattray, N. J. W.; Gardiner, J. M.; Kell, Douglas; D.; Takano, E.; Toogood, H. S.; Scrutton, N. S. "Engineering the ‘Missing Link’ in Biosynthetic (–)-Menthol Production: Bacterial Isopulegone Isomerase" ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 2012–2020. DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04115
• 113. Potter, G. T.; Guazelli, L.; Jayson, G. C.; Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis of 1,3,4,6-Tetra--acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α,β-D-glucopyranose using the diazo-transfer reagent imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide hydrogen sulfate.” Ch. 18. Carbohydrate Chemistry: Proven Synth. Methods, Vol. 4, Sept 2017, CRC Press, ISBN 9781498726917.
• 112. Karuppiah, V.; Ranaghan, K. E.; Leferink, N. G. H.; Johannissen, L. O.; Shanmugam, M.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Bennett, N. J.; Kearsey, L. J.; Takano, E.; Gardiner, J. M.; van der Kamp, M. W.; Hay, S.; Mulholland, A. J.; Leys, D.; Scrutton, N. S. “Structural Basis of Catalysis in the Bacterial Monoterpene Synthases Linalool Synthase and 1,8-Cineole Synthase.”ACS Catal. 2017, 7, 6268−6282. DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01924.
• 111. Hunter, A.; Oni, Y. I.; Dodd, H. T.; Raftery, J.; Gardiner, J. M.; Uttley, M. “Metabolism of steroidal lactones by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola CBS 161.60 results in a mechanistically unique intramolecular ring-D cyclization resulting in C-14 spiro-lactones.” BBA - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 2017, 1862, 939-945. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.003. (IF. 4.77)
• 110. Waller, J.; Toogood, H. S.; Karuppiah, V.; Rattray, N. J. W.; Mansell, D. J.; Leys, D.; Gardiner, J. M.; A. Fryszkowska, A.; Ahmed, S.; Bandichhor, R.; Reddy, G. P.; Scrutton, N. S. “Structural insights into the ene-reductase synthesis of Profens. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2017, 15, 4440-4448. doi: 10.1039/c7ob00163k.
• 109. Heyes, D. J.; Hardman, S. J. O.; Mansell, D.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Gardiner, J. M.; Johannissen, L. O.; Greetham, G. M.; Towrie, M.; Scrutton, N. S. "Excited State Properties of Protochlorophyllide Analogues and the Implications for Light Driven Synthesis of Chlorophyll." J. Phys. Chem. B 2017, 1312–1320.
• 108. Abid, S. M. A.; Aslam, S.; Zaib, S.; Bakht, S. M.; Ahmad, M.; Athar, M. M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Iqbal, J. “Pyrazolobenzothiazine-based carbothioamides asnew structural leads for the inhibition of monoamine oxidases: design, synthesis, in vitro bioevaluation and molecular docking studies.” Med. Chem. Commun. 2017, 8, 452-464.
• 107 Dalton,C. E.; Quinn,S. D.; Rafferty,A.; Morten,M. J.; Gardiner, J. M.; Magennis, S. W. “Single-molecule fluorescence detection of a synthetic heparan sulfate disaccharide.” ChemPhysChem 2016, 3442-3446. DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600750.
• 1076. Lygidakis, A.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Karuppiah, V.; Hoeven, R.; Leys, D.; Gardiner, J. M.; Toogood, H. S.; Scrutton, N. S. “Pinpointing a mechanistic switch between ketoreduction and ‘ene’-reduction in short chain dehydrogenases/reductases.” Angew. Chemie. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 9596 –9600. DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603785.
• 105. Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Potter, G. T.; Gardiner, J. M.; Miller, G. J. “Preparation of Methyl 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranuronate.” Org. Synth. 2016, 93, 200-209. DOI: 10.1002/0471264229.os093.1
• 104. Avizienyte, E.; Cole, C. L.; Rushton, G.; Miller, G. J.; Bugatti, A.; Presta, M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Jayson, G. C. “Synthetic Site-Selectively Mono-6-O-Sulfated Heparan Sulfate Dodecasaccharide Shows Anti-Angiogenic Properties In Vitro and Sensitizes Tumors to Cisplatin In Vivo.” PLOSOne 2016, 11(8), e0159739. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159739.
• 103. Toogood, H. S.; Tait, S.; Jervis, A.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Humphreys, L.; Takano, E.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “Natural Product Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: Mentha Monoterpenoids.” In Methods in Enzymol., Elsevier, 2016, DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.020
• 102. Potter, G. T.; Miller, G. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “An Updated Synthesis of the Diazo-Transfer Reagent Imidazole-1-sulfonyl Azide Hydrogen Sulfate.” J. Org. Chem. 2016, 3441-3446.
• 101. Althumayri, K.; Harrison, W. J.; Shin, Y.; Gardiner, J. M.; Caziraghi, C.; Budd, P. M.; Bernardo, P.; Clarizi, G.; Jansen, J. C. “The influence of graphene and other nanofillers on the gas permeability of the high-free-volume polymer PIM-1.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2016, 374: 20150031.
• 100. Mkadmh, A. M.; Abu-Shanab, A. M.; Morjan, R. Y.; Safi, Z.; Pritchard, R. G.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis, Crystallographic Characterization and Density Functional Study of Novel Spoke-Molecular Tetravalent ethyltriphenylphosphorous Dibromide”. Chem. Sci. Trans. 2016, 5, 674-686.
• 99. Quinn,S. D.; Dalton,C. E.; Jeanneret, R. A.; Gardiner,J. M.; Magennis, S. W. “Single-molecule studies of fluroescently-labeled polysaccharides.” Biophys. Journal 2016, 110, Suppl. 1, 636a. Doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3404
98. Miller, G. J.; Broberg, K. R.; Rudd, C.; Helliwell, M. R.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. A latent reactive handle for functionalising heparin-like and LMWH deca- and dodecasaccharides.” Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 11208-
97. DOI: 10.1039/C5OB01706H 97. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cliff, M. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Making the longest sugars: a chemical synthesis of heparin-related [4]n oligosaccharides from 16-mer to 40-mer.” Chemical Science 2015, 6, in press. DOI: 10.1039/C5SC02091C
96. Jayson, G. C.; Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cole. C.; Rushton, G.; Avizienyte, E.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology.” Chem. Commun. 2015, in press DOI: 10.1039/C5CC05222J
95. Potter, G. T.; Miller, G. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Amyl nitrite-mediated conversion of aromatic and heteroaromatic primary amides to carboxylic acids.” Tetrahedron Lett. 2015, 56, 5153-5156. doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.05.054
94. Toogood, H. S.; Ní Cheallaigh, A.; Tait, S.; Mansell, D.; Jervis, A.; Lygidakis, A.; Humphreys, L.; Takano, E.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “Enzymatic Menthol Production: One-pot Approach Using Engineered Escherichia coli.” ACS Synthetic Biology 2015, in press DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00092
93. Hansen, S. U.; Dalton, C. E; Baráth, M.; Kwan, G.; Raftery, J.; Jayson, G. C.; Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis of L‐iduronic acid derivatives via [3.2.1] and [2.2.2] L‐iduronic lactones from bulk glucose-derived cyanohydrin hydrolysis: A reversible conformationally-switched superdisarmed/rearmed lactone route to heparin disaccharides.” J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 3777-3789. DOI: 10.1021/jo502776f
92. Baráth, M.; Hansen, S. U.; Dalton, C. E.; Jayson, G. C.; Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “Modular synthesis of a heparin-related tetra-, hexa- and octasaccharides with differential O-6 protections: Programing for regiodefined 6-O-modifications.” Molecules 2015, 20, 6167-6180.
91. Morjan, R. Y.; El-Attar, N.; Abu-Tiem, O.; Ulrich, M.; Awadallah, A. M.; Mkadmh, A. M.; Elmanama, A. A.; Raftery, J.; Abu-Awwad, F. M.; Yaseen, Z. J.; Elqidra, A. F.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis, antibacterial, and QSAR evaluation of 5- oxo and 5-thio derivatives of 1,4-disubstituted tetrazoles.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 4024-4028. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.070
90. Ahmad, M; Aslam, S.; Rizvi, S. U.; Muddassar, M.; Ashfaq, U. A.; Montero, C.; Ollinger, O.; Detorio, M.; Gardiner, J. M.*; Schinazi, R. F. “Molecular docking and anti-viral screening of N-substituted benzyl/phenyl-2-(3,4-dimethyl-5,5-dioxidopyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazin-2(4H)-yl)acetamides.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 1348-1351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.007
89. Jayson, G. C.; Miller, G. J.; Hansen, S. U.; Barath, M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Avizienyte, E. “The development of anti-angiogenic heparan sulfate oligosaccharides.” Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2014, 42, 1596-1600.
88. Morjan, R. Y.; Mkadmh, A. M.; Beadham, I.; Elmanama, A. A.; Mattar, M. R.; Raftery, J.; Pritchard, R. G.; Adel M. Awadallah, A. M.; Gardiner, J. M. “Antibacterial activities of novel synthetic N-acylhydrazones of nicotinic acid hydrazide and their conversion into N-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 5796-5800. DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.029
87. Miller, G. J.; Hansen, S. U.; Baráth, M.; Johannessen, C.; Blanch, E. W.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis of a heparin-related GlcN–IdoA sulfation-site variable disaccharide library and analysis by Raman and ROA spectroscopy.” Carbohydr. Res. 2014, 400, 44-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.026
86. Morjan, R. Y.; Qesta, B. S.; Al-Shayyah, H. T.; Gardiner, J. M.; Thaher, B. A. A.; Awadallah, A. M. “Reaction of Nitrilimines with 2-Aminopicoline, 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, 5-Aminotetrazole and 2-Aminopyrimidine.” Int. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 4, 201-207. DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2014.43023
85. Kadirvel, M.; Fanimarvasti, F.; Forbes, S.; McBain, A.; Gardiner, J. M.;* Brown, G. D.;* Freeman, S.* “Inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Vibrio harveyi by 4-Fluoro-DPD; a novel potent inhibitor of AI-2 signalling.” Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 5000 - 5002. DOI:10.1039/C3CC49678C
84. Aslam, S.; Zaib, S.; Ahmad, M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Ahmad, A.; Hameed, A.; Furtmann, N.; Gütschow, M.; Bajorath, J.; Iqbal, J. “Novel structural hybrids of pyrazolobenzothiazines with benzimidazoles as cholinesterase inhibitors.” Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014, 78, 106-117. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.035
83. Aslam, S.; Atloob, M.; Athar, M. M.; Ashfaq, U. A.; Gardiner, J. M.; Montero, C.; Detori, M.; Parvez. M; Schinazi, R. F. “Synthesis, molecular docking and antiviral screening of novel N’-substitutedbenzylidene-2-(4-methyl-5,5-dioxido-3-phenylbenzo[e]pyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]thiazin-1(4H)-yl) acetohydrazides.” Med. Chem. Res. 2013, 23, 2930-2946. DOI 10.1007/s00044-013-0879-7
82. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Cole. C.; Rushton, G.; Avizienyte, E.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of a heparin-like dodecasaccharide and radiolabelling for in vivo tissue distribution studies.” Nature Communications 2013. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3016.
81. Takemoto, N.; Suehara, T.; Frisco, H.; Sato, S.-i; Sezaki, T.; Kusamori, K.; Kawazoe, Y.; Park, S. M.; Yamazoe, S.; Mizuhata, Y.; Inoue, R.; Hansen, S. U.; Jayson, G. J.; Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M.; Kanaya, T.; Tokitoh, N.; Ueda, K.; Takakura, Y.; Kioka, N.; Nishikawa, M.; Uesugi, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 11032-11039. DOI: 10.1021/ja4018682
80. Miller, G. J.; Hansen, S. U.; Cole. C.; Avizienyte, E.; Rushton, G.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Efficient chemical synthesis of heparin-like octa-, deca- and dodecasaccharides and inhibition of FGF2- and VEGF165-mediated endothelial cell functions.” Chemical Science 2013, 4, 3218-3222. DOI: 10.1039/C3SC51217G
79. Morjan, R. Y.; Mkadmh, A. M.; Abu-Awwad, F. M.; Helliwell, M.; Awadallah, A.M.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Computational Study of Novel (E)-N’-(1-p-tolylethylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazide.” J. Mol. Struct. 2013, 1051, 345-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.008
78. Mansell, D.; Toogood, H. S.; Waller, J.; Hughes, J. M. X.; Levy, C.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. Biocatalytic asymmetric alkene reduction: crystal structure and characterization of a double bond reductase from Nicotiana tabacum.” ACS Catalysis 2013, 3, 370-379. EScholar ID: 197146 DOI: 10.1021/cs300709m
77. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “First Gram-scale Synthesis of a Heparin-related Dodecasaccharide.” Orglett 2013, 15, 88-91. EScholarID: 197133 DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol303112y
76. Ahmad, M.; Siddiqui, H. L.; Gardiner, J. M.; Parvez. M; Aslam, S. “Synthesis and antioxidant studies of novel N-substituted benzyl/phenyl-2-(3,4-dimethyl-5,5-dioxidopyrazolo[4,3-c][1,2]benzothiazin-2(4H)-yl)acetamides.” Medicinal Chemistry Research 2013, 22, 794-805. EScholarID: 175760 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0062-6
75. Morjan, R. Y.; Thaher, B. A. A.; Schollmeyer, D.; Awadallah, A. M.; Gardiner, J. M. “(Z)-1-Chloro-1(2-(2-nitrophenyl)hydrazono)propan-2-one” Acta Cryst E:Structure Reports Online 2012, 69, o72. EScholarID: DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600536812049938
74. Hansen, S. U.; Miller, G. J.; Barath, M.; Broberg, K. R.; Avizienyte, E.; Helliwell, M.; Raftery, J.; Jayson, G. C.; Gardiner, J. M. “Synthesis and Scalable Conversion of L-Iduronamides to Heparin-Related Di- and Tetrasaccharides.” J. Org. Chem. 2012, 77, 7823–7843. EScholarID: 92344 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo300722y
73. Fryszkowska, A.; Toogood, H. S.; Mansell, D.; Stephens, G. M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “A surprising observation that oxygen can affect the product enantiopurity of an enzyme catalysed reaction“ FEBS, 2012, 279, 4160-4171. EScholarID: 175771 DOI: 10.1111/febs.1200
72. Ferreras, C.; Rushton, G.; Cole, C.; Babur, M.; Telfer, B. A.; van Kuppevelt, T. H.; Gardiner, J. M.; Williams, K. J.; Jayson, G. C.; Avizienyte, E. “Endothelial Heparan Sulfate 6-O-sulfation Levels Regulate Angiogenic Responses of Endothelial Cells to FGF2 and VEGF.” J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 36132-32146. EScholarID: 175765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.38487
71. Heyes; D. J.; Hardman; S.; Mansell; D.; Gardiner; J.; Scrutton, N. S. “Mechanistic reappraisal of early stage photochemistry in the light-driven enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase.” PLOSOne, 2012, 7, e45642. EScholarID: 175764 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045642
70. Toogood, H. S.; Mansell, D.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. 2012, Vol 7, pp216-255. “Enantioselective bioreduction of carbon-carbon double bonds.” Turner, N. J. (Ed.), Comprehensive Chirality. Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-08-095168-3
69. Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “A synthesis of C-glycosidic multivalent mannosides suitable for divergent functionalized conjugation.” Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 3216-3218. EScholarID: 148613 doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.04.047
68. Toogood, H. S.; Fryszkowska, A.; Hulley, M.; Sakuma, M.; Mansell, D.; Stephens, G. M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “A site-saturated mutagenesis study reveals that residues 181 and 184 influence ligand binding, stereochemistry and oxime formation in pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase.” ChemBioChem 2011, 12, 738-749. EScholarID: 148611 doi: 10.1002/cbic.20100066
67. Fryszkowska, A.; Toogood, H. S.; Sakuma, M.; Stephens, G. M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Nigel S. Scrutton, N. S. “Active site modifications in pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase can lead to improved product enantiopurity, decreased by-product formation and altered stereochemical outcome in reactions with α,β-unsaturated nitroolefins” EScholarID: 148614 Catal. Sci. Technol. 2011, 1, 948-956. DOI:10.1039/C0CY00092B
66. Miller, G. J.; Gardiner, J. M. “Adaptable Synthesis of C-Glycosidic Multivalent Carbohydrates and Succinamide-linked Derivatisation.” OrgLett 2010, 12, 5262-5265. EScholarID: 94691 DOI: 10.1021/ol102310x
65. Satelle, B.; Hansen, S. U.; Gardiner, J.; Almond, A. “Free Energy Landscapes of Iduronic Acid and Related Monosaccharides.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13132-13134. DOI: 10.1021/ja1054143
64. Cole, C. L.; Hansen, S. U.; Barath, M.; Rushton, G.; Gardiner, J. M.; Avizientye, E.; Jayson, G. C. “Synthetic Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides Inhibit Endothelial Cell Functions Essential for Angiogenesis.” PLOS One, 2010, 5, e11164. EScholarID: 92344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011644.
63. Hulley, M. E.; Toogood, H. S.; Fryszkowska, A.; Mansell, D.; Stephens, G. M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “Focused Directed Evolution of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase by Using Automated Anaerobic Kinetic Screening of Site-Saturated Libraries.” ChemBioChem 2010, 11, 2433-2447. [INSIDE COVER HIGHLIGHT ARTICLE] EScholarID: 94693 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000527
62. Toogood, H. S.; Gardiner, J. M.; Scrutton, N. S. “Biocatalytic Reductions and Chemical Versatility of the Old Yellow Enzyme Family of Flavoprotein Oxidoreductases.” ChemCatChem, 2010, 2, 892-914. [REVIEW] EScholarID: 92345 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000094
61. Kadirvel, M.; Stimpson, W. T; Moumene-Afifia, S.; Arsic, B.; Glynn, N.; Halliday, N.; Williams, P.; Gilbert, P.; McBain, A. J.; Freeman, S.; Gardiner, J. M.* “Synthesis and bioluminescence-inducing properties of autoinducer (S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione and its enantiomer.” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 2625-2628. EScholarID: 92347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.064
60. Fryszkowska, A.; Toogood, H. S.; Sakuma, M.; Gardiner, J. M.; Stephens, G. M.; Scrutton, N. S., “Asymmetric Reduction of Activated Alkenes by Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase: Specificity and Control of Stereochemical Outcome by Reaction Optimisation.” Adv. Synth. Fatal. 2009, 351, 2976-2990. EScholarID: 92346
59. Hansen, S. U.; Barath, M.; Salameh, B. A.; Pritchard, R. G.; Stimpson, W. T.; Gardiner, J. M.*; Jayson, G. C. “Scalable synthesis of L-iduronic acid derivatives via stereocontrolled cyanohydrin reaction for synthesis of heparin-related disaccharides.” OrgLett 2009, 11, 4528-4531. EScholarID: 60868 DOI: 10.1021/ol901723
58. H. S. Toogood, A. Fryszkowska, V. Hare, K. Fisher, A. Roujeinikova, D. Leys, J. M. Gardiner, G. M. Stephens, N. S. Scrutton, “Structure-based insight into the asymmetric bioreduction of the C=C double bond of a,β--unsaturated nitroalkenes by pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase.” Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 2789. EScholarID: 14401
57. A. Fryszkowska, K. Fisher, John M. Gardiner, Gill M. Stephens, “Highly Enantioselective Reduction of β,β-Disubstituted Aromatic Nitroalkenes Catalyzed by Clostridium sporogenes.” J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4295–4298. EScholarID: 60854
56. H. Korbekandi, P. Mather, J. Gardiner, G. Stephens “Reduction of aliphatic nitro groups using an obligately anaerobic Whole cell biocatalyst” Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2008, 42, 308-314.
55. M. F. Rodriquez Martinez, N. Kelessidou, Z. Law, J. M. Gardiner, G. M. Stephens, “Effect of solvents on obligately anaerobic bacteria.” Anaerobe 2008, 14, 55-60.
54. G. L. Brown, J. M. Gardiner, A. d’Emanuele, D. Attwood, R. Gibb “Synthesis and characterization of shape-persistent polyphenylene dendrimers.” Polymer Prep. 2006, 47, 660-661. EScholarID: 6084
53. J. M. Gardiner, N. R. Panchal, W. T. Stimpson, G. J. Ellames, J. M. Herbert "Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2-13C2-L-Fucose, 1,2-13C2-Fucono-g-lactone and 1,2-13C2-Fucono-g-lactol from Non-sugar Starting Material." Synlett 2005, 2685-2687. EScholarID: 1a465
52. O. Dipeolu, J. M. Gardiner, G. M. Stephens "Biocatalytic amide reduction using Clostridium sporogenes." Biotechnology Lett. 2005, 27, 1803-1807. EScholarID: 60844
51. S. Freeman, J. M. Gardiner "A brief history of medicine; Review of Life saving drugs: the elusive magic bullet (by John Mann)"." Chem. & Ind. 2005, 28-29.
50. A. Lenourry, J. M. Gardiner, G. M. Stephens “Hydrogenation of C–C double bonds in an ionic liquid reaction system using the obligate anaerobe, Sporomusa termitida.” Biotechnology Lett. 2005, 27, 161–165. EScholarID: 14397
49. H. Li, P. Williams, J. Micklefield, J. M. Gardiner, G. M. Stephens "A dynamic combinatorial screen for novel imine reductase activity." Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 753-758. EScholarID: 1a84
48. J. M. Gardiner, R. Mills, T. Fessard "Synthesis of model ring systems related to C10-C18 analogues of the Mycalamides/Theopederins." Tetrahedron Lett. 2004, 45, 1215-1217. EScholarID: 14391
47. J. M. Gardiner, P. D. Crewe, G. E. Smith, K. T. Veal "Novel Isomenthone-derived 1,3-diol ligands identified through parallel synthesis and screening catalyse an asymmetric aldol reaction", Chem. Commun. 2003, 618-619. EScholarID: 1a85
46. J. M. Gardiner, P. D. Crewe, G. E. Smith, K. T. Veal, R. G. Pritchard, J. E. Warren "Synthesis, stereostructure and conformations of novel bi- and trifunctional (+)-isomenthone derivatives." Org.Lett. 2003, 5, 467-470. EScholarID: 1a9052
45. J. M. Gardiner, A. D. Goss, T. Mahid, A. D. Morley "Synthesis of novel 2,2- and 1,1-linked dimeric ‘Head-to-head’ N-alkoxybenzimidazoles." Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 511-513. EScholarID: 14388
44. J. M. Gardiner, A. D. Goss, T. Mahid, A. D. Morley, R. G. Pritchard, J. E. Warren "Versatile synthesis of N-alkoxybenzimidazoles and N-alkoxypyrimidazoles." Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7707-7710.
43. J. M. Gardiner, P. E. Giles, M. M. L. Martin "Approach towards C12-oxo analogues of the side chain of pumiliotoxin B/allopumiliotoxin 339A and B." Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5415-5418.
42. J. M. Gardiner, P. Mather, R. Morjan, R. G. Pritchard, J. E. Warren, M. L. Cooper, A. El-Rahman S. Ferwanah and O. S. Abu-Tiem "Synthesis and structure of 2-aryl-5,5-disubstituted-1,3-dioxanes and conversion into chiral (1,1,1-trishydroxymethyl) methane derivatives." Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2091-2094.
41. J. M. Gardiner, “Synthesis of enantiomerically pure non-carbohydrate compounds”, Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2002, vol. 33, ch. 24, 375-410 [review]
40. J. M. Gardiner, J. Procter "Synthesis of N-alkoxybenzimidazoles with differentiated C2 and 0-substituents." Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 5109-5111.
39. J. M. Gardiner "Synthesis of enantiomerically pure non-carbohydrate compounds", Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2001, vol. 32, ch. 24, 353-395.
38. J. M. Gardiner, Strategies for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates, in 'The Chemical Synthesis of Natural Products', ed. K. J. Hale, Sheffield Academic Press, 2000, pp. 1-39.
37. J. M. Gardiner, Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2000, vol. 31, ch. 22, 322-339.
36. J. M. Gardiner, Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2000, vol. 31, ch. 24, 347-384.
35. J. M. Gardiner, J. H. Chughtai, I. H. Sadler "Synthesis and Proof of Stereostructure of a New (+)- Isomenthone-derived Homochiral 1,3-Diol."Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 599-606.
34. J. M. Gardiner, S. E. Bruce "Unexpected Diastereoselectivity in AD of an L-Proline-Derived 1,1- Disubstituted Alkene." Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 1029.
33. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1998, vol. 30, ch. 22, 329-349.
32. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1998, vol. 30, ch. 24, 354-400.
31. J. M. Gardiner "Therapeutic Potential of Synthetic Multivalent Carbohydrates" Expert Opinion in Investigational Drugs 1998, 7, 405-419.
30. J. H. Chughtai, J. M. Gardiner, S. G. Harris, S. Parsons, D. W. H. Rankin, C. H Schwalbe "New Homochiral Ketocalcohols from Aldol Reactions of Isomenthone and Reversal of Diastereoselectivity." Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 9043.
29. T. M. Evans, J. M. Gardiner, N. Mahmood, M. Smis "Structure-Activity Relationships of Anti-HIV- 1 N-Alkoxy and N-Allyloxy-Benzimidazoles." Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 409.
28. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1997, vol. 29, Ch. 22, pp 324-345.
27. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1997, vol. 29, Ch. 24, pp 357-404.
26. J. M. Gardiner, M. Nørret, I. H. Sadler "Diastereospecific Dihydroxylation and Highly Efficient Kinetic Resolution of cis/trans-2,6-Dimethylbenzlidene Cyclohexane." J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 2709.
25. J. M. Gardiner, M. Nørret, I. H. Sadler "Diastereospecific Epoxidation/AE Kinetic Resolution of cis/trans-2,6-Dimethylbenzlidene Cyclohexane and Solution Conformation of 4,8-Dimethyl-2- phenyl-1- oxaspiro[2.5]octane." Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 8447-8450.
24. I.D. Spiers, C.J.Barker, S.-K Chung, Y.-T. Chang, S. Freeman, J. M. Gardiner, P. H. Hirst, P. A. Lambert, R. H. Mitchell, D. R. Poyner, C. H. Schwalbe, A. W. Smith, K. R. H. Solomons, "Synthesis and iron binding studies of myo-inostiol 1,2,3-trisphosphate and D/L-myo-inositol 1,2- bisphosphate, and iron-binding studies of all myo-inositol tetrakisphosphates" Carbohydrate Res. 1996, 282, 81.
23. J. K. Chipman, S. Barcelo, A. Gescher, J. M. Gardiner "Cytochrome P450 2E1-mediated mechanism of antigenotoxicity of the broccoli constituent sulforaphane" Carcinogenesis 1996, 17, 277-282.
22. M. D. Coleman, M. S. Ogg, J. L. Holmes, J. M. Gardiner, D. P. Jacobus, "Studies on the differential sensitivity between diabetic and nondiabetic human erythrocytes to monoacetyl dapsone hydroxylamine-mediated methemoglobin formation in-vitro." Environmental Toxicol. and Pharmacol. 1996, 1, 97-102.
21. M. D. Coleman, K. K. Pahal, J. M. Gardiner "The effect of acetylation and deacetylation on the disposition of dapsone and monoacetyl dapsone hydroxylamines in human erythrocytes in vitro." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1996, 48, 401.
20. S. Freeman, J. M. Gardiner "Acyclic Nucleosides as Antiviral Compounds" Molecular Biotechnology 1996, 5, 125-137.
19. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1996, vol. 28., Ch. 22, pp 318-332.
18. J. M. Gardiner Specialist Periodical Reports, Carbohydrate Chemistry, 1996, vol. 28., Ch. 24, pp 345-379.
17. S. Akhtar, A. Routledge, R. Patel, J. M. Gardiner "Synthesis of Mono- and Dimannoside Phosphoramidite Derivatives for Solid-Phase Conjugation to Oligonucleotides." Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7333.
16. J. M. Gardiner, P. E. Giles "Stereoselective b-Disubstituted Enone Synthesis from g-Alkoxy- Alkynones." Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 7519.
15. J. M. Gardiner, C. R. Loyns "Synthesis of Novel 1-, 1,4- and 1,7-Substituted 2-Mercapto- and 2- Methylmercapto-Benzimidazoles: Acyclic Analogues of the HIV-1 RT Inhibitor, TIBO." Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 11515.
14. J. M. Gardiner, C. R. Loyns "Efficient one pot conversion of 6-methyl-2-nitroaniline into 1-alkoxy 2-alkyl-4-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-phenyl-4-methyl-, and 1-allyloxy-4-methyl-2-vinyl benzimidazole." Synth. Comm. 1995, 25, 819.
13. J. M. Gardiner, C. R. Loyns, C. H. Schwalbe, G. C. Barrett, P. R. Lowe "Synthesis of 1-alkoxy-2- alkyl benzimidazoles from 2-nitroanilines viatandem N-alkylation-cyclization-O-alkylation." Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 4101.
12. J. M. Gardiner, C. R. Loyns, N. Mahmood "Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 inhibition of novel benzimidazole derivatives" Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 1251.
11. M. E. Jung, J. M. Gardiner "Asymmetric synthesis of Carbohydrates: Synthesis of 2-deoxy-D- and 2-deoxy-L-xylofuranosides from a simple achiral precursor." Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6755
10. M. E. Jung, J. M. Gardiner "Synthesis of antiviral nucleosides from crotonaldehyde. Part 3. Total synthesis of didehydrodideoxythymidine (d4T)." Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 3841
9. J. M. Gardiner, C. R. Loyns "Rapid synthesis of intermediates for the synthesis of TIBO." J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1992, 44, 1079
8. M. E. Jung, J. M. Gardiner "Synthetic approaches to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and other modified nucleosides." J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 2614.
7. M. E. Jung, C. Castro, J. M. Gardiner "Rapid Synthesis of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) from a simple achiral precursor". Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 5717.
6. J. M. Gardiner, M. R. Bryce, P. Bates, M. B. Hursthouse "Cephalotaxine analogues: Stereospecific synthesis of spirofused 3-benzazepine and 1,3-benzodiazepine derivatives." J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 1261.
5. M. E. Jung, I. D. Trifunovic, J. M. Gardiner, G. L. Clevenger "Preparation of modified nucleosides from glucosamine: Rapid and efficient formal total synthesis of several 2'-deoxy-C-nucleosides." J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 84.
4. M. R. Bryce, J. M. Gardiner "Functionalized (±) Cephalotaxine analogues." J. C. S., Chem. Commun. 1989, 1162.
3. M. R. Bryce, J. M. Gardiner, P. A. Horton, S. A. Smith "Synthesis and reactions of 1-azaspirocycles: 1-Azaspiro[4.5]-decane and 1-aza-spiro[4.4]nonane ring systems." J. Chem. Res.(S) 1989, 1, 1
2. M. R. Bryce, J. M. Gardiner "Stereospecific synthesis of the cyclopenta[e]phenanthridine ring system. Tetracyclic and pentacyclic analogues of Cephalotaxus alkaloids." Tetrahedron l988, 44, 599.
1. M. R. Bryce, J. M. Gardiner, M. B. Hursthouse, R. L. Short "A highly stereoselective synthesis of an azaspirolactam related to Cephalotaxusalkaloids." Tetrahedron Lett. l987, 28, 577.